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THE LEGEND OF MAKAM SEMBILAN DARA IN SENGGORO VILLAGE

Version I

Since the first period in 1512 which is about our beloved Bengkalis this already exists, it can even be associated with prehistoric times. The island has been inhabited since ancient Bengkalis by humans, with a very traditional pattern of life, and has a system of government that is in the form  perbatinan  (government), especially perbatinan primitive people and perbatinan Senggoro in Senggoro and batin alam in sungai alam, batin Penebal in Penebal, Batin Senderak  in Senderak, Batin Kembung in Kembung, Batin Bengkalis in Bengkalis, Batin Putih in Ketam Putih.

          Although it still perbatinan Senggoro has environment here is very small as a village government center is located  Bengkalis   perbatinan Senggoro Bengkalis Island, already has a system of  government is highly respected and taken into  account because it has a chosen people, and trained as well as daring to risk their lives in defending its territory .

        Perbatinan under the leadership of Black batin they have set the strategy and tactics to maintain the area by building fortresses hitherto known by the name? Fort black batin (batin Senggoro), Fort Bengkalis village hiding The girls are currently known with name Tombs Dara Sembilan.

        Black batin Citadel, formerly with cannons mounted and ready to be fired against the enemy or pirate who would disrupt peace Bengkalis village. Nine graves while Dara is a special fortress to protect the beautiful virgin (girl) from Bengkalis village Portuguese attacks and pirates who like to coerce or kidnap the virgin / girls. From the Black batin built fortress hideout of the girls / virgins that is located approximately 75 meters from the Black batin Citadel.

          The death of the virgin / girl as many as nine people were rioting stems from events conducted by the Portuguese or the pirates. Nine people or virgin girl hidden in the secret key to the fortress which is on the outside, while the tomb guard to fight pirates attacking, or Portuguese.

         Portuguese or pirate attacks so fierce that resulted in the fortress collapsed and covered the secret key, thus hiding the door opened and cause or nine virgin girls were buried in fort and helpless. They died together in the fort, until now the fort was called “Nine Ladies  Tombs or Makam Dara Sembilan”.

Versions II

Once upon a time, in bengkalis island there was a king who reigned in bengkalis area. The king had six daughter. Their name are mayang sari, cempaka, bunga jarum, Tanjung, Melati and Melur. When Dutch came to descended on Bengkalis, the king and the  queen, and all of society had warred to fight the Dutch.

Before go to war, the queen were on the point of hidden their daughter in a hole of underground. in order to descended on the Dutch.

On the appointed time, the king and the queen make a big hole and then their daughter enter to the hole.

In the hole that cave shaped also prepared  with some of food in time six month. Beside seven king daughter also there are three ladies in waiting who accompany them after enter to the hole and was closed by grass later on.

Six month later, grass that closed that hole was growth with flourish. Beside that, hoard of foods for princess and lady in waiting was run out. Meanwhile, the king and the queen was lost in war. And then, seven princess ad three lady in waiting passed away in those hole, actually there are there are soldiers who look for them but because of grass was carries and difficult for occurred. So as a memory, the people give name Makam Sembilan Dara  that consist of 7 princess and 3 lady in waiting.

What is tourism?

1.    Introductions of tourism

Since the beginning of time humans have traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisitions of resources (trade) were the early travel motivations. But the idea of travel for pleasure or exploration soon emerged. Travel has always depended upon technology to provide the means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers walked or rode domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of transportation. Each improvement in technology increased individuals' opportunities to travel. As roads were improved and governments stabilized, interest in travel increased for education, sightseeing, and religious purposes. One of the earliest travel guides was written by Pausanias, a Greek, which was a 10 volume Guide to Greece, for Roman tourists in 170 A.D.

Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling away from home. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) claims that tourism is currently the world’s largest industry with annual revenues of over $3 trillion dollars. Tourism provides over six million jobs in the United States, making it the country's largest employer.

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes". Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity.

Tourism is traveling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited". Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals.

Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation such as hotels, restaurants, bars, and entertainment venues, and other hospitality industry services such as spas and resorts.

In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 6.6% when compared to 2009. International tourism receipts grew to US$919 billion (€693 billion) in 2010, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%. As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009.

After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007. This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.

Tourism is important and in some cases vital for many countries, such as France , Egypt , Greece , Lebanon , Israel , the United States , the United Kingdom , Spain , Italy , and Thailand , and many island nations , such as Mauritius , The Bahamas , Fiji , Maldives , Philippines and the Seychelles . It brings in large amounts of income in payment for goods and services available, contributing an estimated 5% to the worldwide gross domestic product (GDP), and it creates opportunities for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services , such as airlines , cruise ships and taxicabs ; hospitality services , such as accommodations , including hotels and resorts ; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks , casinos , shopping malls , music venues and theatres .

2.    Definitions of tourism

General Definition

Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of transportation (he might even travel on foot: nowadays, it is often the case for poorer societies, and happens even in more developed ones, and concerns pilgrims, hikers. But all travel is not tourism.

            Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism. The displacement must be such that:

      It involves a displacement outside the usual environment: this term is of utmost importance and will be discussed later on;

      Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from being remunerated from within the place visited: the previous limits, where tourism was restricted to recreation and visiting family and friends are now expanded to include a vast array of purposes;

      Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism displacement can be with or without an overnight stay. We shall discuss the particularity of in transit visits, from a conceptual and statistical point of view.

Definition according authority

Ø  Matheson and Wall (1982) created a good working definition of tourism as "the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs."

Ø  According to Macintosh and Goeldner (1986) tourism is "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors."

Other terms of interest are:

Ø  Excursionist: Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24 hours (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).

Ø  Foreign Tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he/she usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of the League of Nations, 1937).

Ø  Travel: The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for commuting or traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).

Ø  Visitor: Any person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited (United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, 1963).

Ø According Soetomo (1994:25) which is based on the provisions Wata (World Association of Travel Agents World Travel Agents Association =), tourism is traveling around for more than three days, which was organized by a travel office in the city and the event, among others, see -look at the various places or cities both at home and abroad.

Ø According to A.J. Burkart and S. Medical (1987). Tourism is the movement of people for a while and in the short term to destinations outside the places where they usually life and work and their activities during their stay in places that purpose.

Ø According to Prof.. One of the Oka A Yoeti Wahab (1994, 116.). Tourism is a human activity that is done consciously alternately receiving services among people within a State's own / outside the country, covering people home from other regions for a while looking for the satisfaction of diverse and different from what they experienced, where he obtained a permanent job.

Ø Tourism is the overall activities, processes and linkages associated with travel and sojourn of the people outside his residence and not with the intention of earning a living. Tourism is the overall activities of governments, businesses, and community devoted to arranging travel and transit needs (Fandeli, 2001).

Ø Under the Act - Act No.9 of 1990 concerning tourism, Tourism is anything related to travel including business object and attractions as well as related efforts in the field. Tourism can also be seen as a business dealing with the supply of goods or services for tourists and comes to every expenditure by tourists or visitors on the way.

Ø Tourism is an activity done by an individual or a group of individuals, which leads to a motion from a place to another. From a country to another for performing a specific task, or it is a visit to a place or several places in the purpose of entertaining which leads to an awareness of other civilizations and cultures, also increasing the knowledge of countries, cultures, and history

Ø Tourism is the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes.

Ø Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customers' changing needs and desires, as the customer's satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses

Ø Tourism is a journey undertaken for recreation or vacation, as well as preparations for this activity.

Ø One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist in 1910, who defined it as, "bob total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region.

Ø Tourism in etymology. Theo bald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin , 'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix –ism is defined as 'an action or process; typical behavior or quality', while the suffix, –ist denotes 'one that performs a given action'. When the word tour and the suffixes –ism and –ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, ie, the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist. In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics :

• Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.
• Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
• Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

3.    Definition of Tourist

Ø  According to the UN. Convention Concerning Customs Facilities For Touring (1954) Tourist is every person who comes in one State as a legitimate reason except to immigrate and who live at least 24 hours and forever 6 months in the same year.

Ø  A tourist is someone who travels at least 80 km (50 miles) from his house with recreational purposes, is a definition by the World Tourism Organization

4.    History of Tourism

An understanding of tourism and tourists in France arise at the end of the 17th century. In 1972 Maurice  guide book "The True Quidde For Foreigners Traveling in France to appreciate its Banalities, Learn the language and take exercise. In this book mentioned that there are two trips large and small trips (Grand Tour and Tour Perit). Grand Tour in the UK Get a different meaning that is used as elements of diplomacy and political education. Mid-nineteenth century to the number of people who travel is still limited because it takes a long time and great cost, safety not guaranteed, and the ingredients are simple, but after the Industrial Revolution state of a fruit, not just the elite who could tour but also the middle class. This is supported also by the presence of trains. In the 20th century, especially after World War II production of technical progress and blasting techniques pose aviation tourism. The development of tourism is the last in the emergence of the trip package (Package tour)

      World Tourism has three components form a simple, namely:

1.      Origin, residence tourists.

2.      Travel, means to arrive at their destination and return home.

3.      Destination, where visits are far from the place of origin.

 Tourism has characteristic among others:

1.        Temporary, that in the short term players will travel back to their places of origin.

2.        Involves a component - the component attractions, such as transportation, accommodations, restaurants, attractions, souvenir shops and others.

3.        Generally done by visiting attractions and tourist attractions.

4.        Having a specific goal that essentially for fun.

5.        Not to make a living at the destination, even its existence can contribute income to the community or region visited (Suyitno, 2001)

5.    Transportation Systems

The type and availability of transportation will determine travel destinations. The development of accommodations were likewise determined by the development of transportation systems. These systems are listed below.

      Stagecoach (1500 A.D.) Invented in Hungary.

      Railroads (1825)First passenger train was in England.

      Boats & Ships (early 400 B.C., but first ocean liner 1840)

      Automobile (1908) Henry Ford's Model T

      Air Travel (1919) by what is now know as Lufthansa Airline

      Space Travel (2015) estimated date for passenger travel into suborbital space.

6.    Dimensions of Tourism

            All tourism activities are related to one or more of the following dimensions of tourism.

Attractions: Are the primary motivation for traveling. They may be a primary destination such as Disney World or secondary destination which are interesting places to visit on the way to your primary destination. Most tourist traveling from the east to go to Las Vegas will stopover at the Grand Canyon national Park on the way. Attractions usually focus on natural resources, culture, ethnicity or entertainment.

      Natural Resources: Natural resources are the combination of physical features (Yosemite National Park, California), the climate (Vail, Colorado), and the natural beauty of the area (Acadia National Park, Maine). The challenge to managing natural resources based tourism is to preserve the natural resource from the impact of the tourist's.

      Culture: A way of life which is observed through a peoples religion, history, government and traditions.

      Ethnicity: To visit family and friends.

      Entertainment: Tourism developments of all sizes from Disney World, Universal Studios, Las Vegas to local community Special Events and Festivals such as the Bloomsday Road Race in Spokane, Washington.

      X-treme Tourism: Tourism based on high adventure activities

Facilities: When tourists arrive at attractions they require facilities to provide services.

v  Lodging: Represent a variety of services from campgrounds, RV parks, motels and five star resorts.

v  Food & Beverage: Not only provide basic sustenance for tourists but an important factor in the overall tourism experience.

v  Support Services: Usually are represented by small retail businesses providing souvenirs and personal services. Shopping is an integral part of the travel experience. Tourists seek unique and novel items which represent the area and cultures they visit.

v  Infrastructure:  The basic services on which all tourism depends. These systems include water and sewer systems, communication networks, medical facilities, electricity, police and fire protection and roads.

Transportation

v  Time and Money: This is the critical component to tourism, the ability to get from Point A to Point B and back, or to Point C, D, E.... The variables of Time, how long it takes to get to a specific destination, and Money, how much it costs to get to your destination. Tourism developments are dependent on the ease of access and types of transportation available.

Hospitality

v  Hospitality: The community's attitude which permeates every tourism location that makes the tourist feel welcome and safe. It is the result of the interaction between the tourist and the local population.

Essential Requirements for Tourism

1. Time, as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to 6-8 three or four day mini-vacations per year.
2. Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income is money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
3. Mobility, is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours required to get to their destination.
4. Motivation, is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty, education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.

7.      World Tourism rankings

Rank	Country	UNWTO Regional Market	International tourist arrivals (2010)[2]	International tourist arrivals (2009)[2]	Change 2009 to 2010
1	France	Europe	76.8 million	76.8 million	+0.0%
2	United States	North America	59.7 million	55.0 million	+8.7%
3	China	Asia	55.7 million	50.9 million	+9.4%
4	Spain	Europe	52.7 million	52.2 million	+1.0%
5	Italy	Europe	43.6 million	43.2 million	+0.9%
6	United Kingdom	Europe	28.1 million	28.2 million	-0.2%
7	Turkey	Europe	27.0 million	25.5 million	+5.9%
8	Germany	Europe	26.9 million	24.2 million	+10.9%
9	Malaysia	Asia	24.6 million	23.6 million	+3.9%
10	Mexico	North America	22.4 million	21.5 million	+4.4%

8. International tourism receipts

Rank	Country	UNWTO Regional Market	International Tourism Receipts (2010)[2]
1	United States	North America	$103.5 billion
2	Spain	Europe	$52.5 billion
3	France	Europe	$46.3 billion
4	China	Asia	$45.8 billion
5	Italy	Europe	$38.8 billion
6	Germany	Europe	$34.7 billion
7	United Kingdom	Europe	$30.4 billion
8	Australia	Oceania	$30.1 billion
9	Hong Kong (China)	Asia	$23.0 billion
10	Turkey	Europe	$20.8 billion

9.    International tourism expenditures

Rank	Country	UNWTO Regional Market	International Tourism Expenditures (2010)[2]
1	Germany	Europe	$77.7 billion
2	United States	North America	$75.5 billion
3	China	Asia	$54.9 billion
4	United Kingdom	Europe	$48.6 billion
5	France	Europe	$39.4 billion
6	Canada	North America	$29.5 billion
7	Japan	Asia	$27.9 billion
8	Italy	Europe	$27.1 billion
9	Russia	Europe	$26.5 billion
10	Australia	Oceania	$22.5 billion

10.  Most visited cities by international tourist arrivals

Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international visitors by selected year
City	Country	International visitors (millions)	Year/Notes
Paris	France	15.1	2010 (Excluding extra-muros visitors)[12]
London	United Kingdom	14.6	2010[13]
New York City	United States	9.7	2010[14]
Antalya	Turkey	9.2	2010[15]
Singapore	Singapore	9.2	2010 (Excluding Malaysian citizens arriving by land)[2]
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	8.9	2010[16]
Hong Kong	Hong Kong (China)	8.4	2010 (Excluding Mainland Chinese visitors)[17]
Dubai	United Arab Emirates	8.3	2010[18]
Bangkok	Thailand	7.2	2010[19]
Istanbul	Turkey	6.9	2010[15]

11.  Kinds of tourism

·         Sustainable Tourism

            "Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems." (World Tourism Organization)

            Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

            Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities and includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning. It also involves integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an 'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the 'boosterish' and 'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of which considers the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination.

            However, Butler questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of tourism, citing its ambiguity and stating that "the emerging sustainable development philosophy of the 1990s can be viewed as an extension of the broader realization that a preoccupation with economic growth without regard to it social and environmental consequences is self-defeating in the long term." Thus 'sustainable tourism development' is seldom considered as an autonomous function of economic regeneration as separate from general economic growth.

·      Ecotourism

            Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights

·      Pro-poor tourism

            Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists. Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in Tanzania and cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos

·      Recession tourism

            Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.

·         Medical tourism

            When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

·         Educational tourism

            Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.

·      Creative tourism

            Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travelers in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.

            Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place.

            More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.

·         Dark tourism

            One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.

·         Doom tourism

            Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this emerging trend involves traveling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount Kilimanjaro, the melting glaciers of Patagonia, The coral of the Great Barrier Reef) before it is too late. Identified by travel trade magazine Travel Age West editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in 2007 and later explored in The New York Times, this type of tourism is believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global warming, over population or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual’s carbon footprint and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.

·         Growth

            The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 %. With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet. Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.

            It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context. Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

            Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a space elevator make space travel cheap.

            Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such as Hydro polis, expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.

·         Sports tourism

            Since the late 1980s, sports tourism has become increasingly popular. Events such as rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian Games and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions.

Arranged by: DEWI SRI WULAN VII A TBI