1.
Introductions of tourism
Since the beginning of time humans have
traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisitions of resources (trade) were the
early travel motivations. But the idea of travel for pleasure or exploration
soon emerged. Travel has always depended upon technology to provide the means
or mode of travel. The earliest travelers walked or rode domesticated animals.
The invention of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of transportation.
Each improvement in technology increased individuals' opportunities to travel.
As roads were improved and governments stabilized, interest in travel increased
for education, sightseeing, and religious purposes. One of the earliest travel
guides was written by Pausanias, a Greek, which was a 10 volume Guide to
Greece, for Roman tourists in 170 A.D.
Tourism is a collection of activities, services
and industries that delivers a travel experience, including transportation,
accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment
businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided for
individuals or groups traveling away from home. The World Tourism Organization
(WTO) claims that tourism is currently the world’s largest industry with annual
revenues of over $3 trillion dollars. Tourism provides over six million jobs in
the United States, making it the country's largest employer.
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World
Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to
and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes". Tourism has become a popular global leisure
activity.
Tourism is traveling for predominantly
recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this
leisure travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who
"travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related
to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2004, there were over
763 million international tourist arrivals.
Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the
income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the
taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for
employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service
industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis,
accommodation such as hotels, restaurants, bars, and entertainment venues, and
other hospitality industry services such as spas and resorts.
In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals
worldwide, representing a growth of 6.6% when compared to 2009. International
tourism receipts grew to US$919 billion (€693 billion) in 2010, corresponding
to an increase in real terms of 4.7%. As a result of the late-2000s
recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through
the end of 2009.
After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in
international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half
of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007.
This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due
to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza
virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in
2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in
international tourism receipts.
Tourism is important and in some cases vital for many countries,
such as France , Egypt , Greece , Lebanon , Israel , the United States , the United Kingdom , Spain , Italy , and Thailand , and many island nations , such as Mauritius , The Bahamas , Fiji , Maldives , Philippines and the Seychelles . It brings in large amounts of income in payment for goods and services available, contributing an estimated 5% to the worldwide gross domestic product (GDP), and it creates opportunities for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services , such as airlines , cruise ships and taxicabs ; hospitality
services , such as accommodations , including hotels and resorts ; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks , casinos , shopping malls , music venues and theatres .
2.
Definitions of tourism
General
Definition
Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen,
there must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of
means of transportation (he might even travel on foot: nowadays, it is often
the case for poorer societies, and happens even in more developed ones, and
concerns pilgrims, hikers. But all travel is not tourism.
Three criteria are
used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism.
The displacement must be such that:
It
involves a displacement outside the usual
environment: this term is of utmost importance and will be discussed later
on;
Type
of purpose: the travel must occur for any
purpose different from being remunerated from within the place visited: the
previous limits, where tourism was restricted to recreation and visiting family
and friends are now expanded to include a vast array of purposes;
Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism displacement
can be with or without an overnight stay. We shall discuss the particularity of
in transit visits, from a conceptual and statistical point of view.
Definition according authority
Ø Matheson and
Wall (1982) created a good working definition of tourism as "the temporary
movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and
residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations,
and the facilities created to cater to their needs."
Ø According to
Macintosh and Goeldner (1986) tourism is "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers,
host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting
these tourists and other visitors."
Other terms of interest are:
Ø Excursionist:
Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24 hours (Macintosh and
Goeldner, 1986).
Ø Foreign
Tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he/she usually
resides, for a period of at least 24 hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of
the League of Nations, 1937).
Ø Travel: The act
of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for
commuting or traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).
Ø Visitor: Any
person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual
place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation
remunerated from within the country visited (United Nations Conference on
International Travel and Tourism, 1963).
Ø According Soetomo (1994:25) which is based on the
provisions Wata (World Association of Travel Agents
World Travel Agents
Association =), tourism is traveling around for
more than three days, which was
organized by a travel office in the city and
the event, among others, see -look
at the various places or cities both at home and abroad.
Ø According
to A.J. Burkart
and S. Medical (1987). Tourism is the movement
of people for a while and in the short term to destinations outside the places
where they usually life and work and their activities during their stay in
places that purpose.
Ø According
to Prof.. One
of the Oka A Yoeti Wahab (1994, 116.). Tourism
is a human activity that is done consciously alternately receiving services
among people within a State's own / outside the country, covering people home
from other regions for a while looking for the satisfaction of diverse and
different from what they experienced, where he obtained a permanent job.
Ø Tourism is the
overall activities, processes and linkages associated with travel and sojourn
of the people outside his residence and not with the intention of earning a
living. Tourism is the overall activities of governments, businesses, and
community devoted to arranging travel and transit needs (Fandeli, 2001).
Ø Under the Act -
Act No.9 of 1990 concerning tourism, Tourism is anything related to travel
including business object and attractions as well as related efforts in the
field. Tourism can also be seen as a business dealing with the supply of goods
or services for tourists and comes to every expenditure by tourists or visitors
on the way.
Ø Tourism is an
activity done by an individual or a group of individuals, which leads to a
motion from a place to another. From a country to another for performing a
specific task, or it is a visit to a place or several places in the purpose of
entertaining which leads to an awareness of other civilizations and cultures,
also increasing the knowledge of countries, cultures, and history
Ø
Tourism is the activities of persons traveling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year
for leisure, business or other purposes.
Ø
Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the
ability to constantly adapt to customers' changing needs and desires, as the
customer's satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of
tourism businesses
Ø Tourism
is a journey undertaken for recreation or vacation, as well as preparations for
this activity.
Ø One of the
earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist in 1910,
who defined it as, "bob total of operators, mainly of an economic nature,
which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and
outside a certain country, city or a region.
Ø
Tourism in etymology. Theo bald (1994) suggested that
"etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin , 'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos',
meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis'. This
meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix –ism
is defined as 'an action or process; typical behavior or quality', while the
suffix, –ist denotes 'one that performs a given action'. When the word tour
and the suffixes –ism and –ist are combined, they suggest the
action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a
starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like
a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, ie, the act
of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore,
one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist. In 1941, Hunziker and
Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as
they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any earning
activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was:
"Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination
outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities
during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."
In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined
tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken
outside the home environment. In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics :
- Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country
traveling only within this country.
- Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the
given country.
- Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another
country.
3.
Definition of Tourist
Ø According to the UN. Convention
Concerning Customs Facilities For Touring (1954) Tourist is every person who
comes in one State as a legitimate reason except to immigrate and who live at
least 24 hours and forever 6 months in the same year.
Ø A tourist is
someone who travels at least 80 km (50 miles) from his house with recreational
purposes, is a definition by the World Tourism Organization
4.
History of Tourism
An understanding of tourism and tourists in France
arise at the end of the 17th century. In 1972 Maurice guide book "The True Quidde For
Foreigners Traveling in France to appreciate its Banalities, Learn the language
and take exercise. In this book mentioned that there are two trips large and small
trips (Grand Tour and Tour Perit). Grand Tour in the UK Get a different meaning
that is used as elements of diplomacy and political education. Mid-nineteenth
century to the number of people who travel is still limited because it takes a
long time and great cost, safety not guaranteed, and the ingredients are
simple, but after the Industrial Revolution state of a fruit, not just the
elite who could tour but also the middle class. This is supported also by the
presence of trains. In the 20th century, especially after World War II
production of technical progress and blasting techniques pose aviation tourism.
The development of tourism is the last in the emergence of the trip package
(Package tour)
World Tourism has three
components form a simple, namely:
1.
Origin, residence tourists.
2.
Travel, means to arrive at their destination and return home.
3.
Destination, where visits are far from the place of origin.
Tourism has characteristic among others:
1.
Temporary, that in the short term players will travel back to their
places of origin.
2.
Involves a component - the component attractions, such as
transportation, accommodations, restaurants, attractions, souvenir shops and
others.
3.
Generally done by visiting attractions and tourist attractions.
4.
Having a specific goal that essentially for fun.
5.
Not to make a living at the destination, even its existence can
contribute income to the community or region visited (Suyitno, 2001)
5.
Transportation
Systems
The type and
availability of transportation will determine travel destinations. The
development of accommodations were likewise determined by the development of
transportation systems. These systems are listed below.
Stagecoach (1500 A.D.) Invented in Hungary.
Railroads (1825)First passenger train was in
England.
Boats & Ships (early 400 B.C., but first
ocean liner 1840)
Automobile (1908) Henry Ford's Model T
Air Travel (1919) by what is now know as
Lufthansa Airline
Space Travel (2015) estimated date for
passenger travel into suborbital space.
6.
Dimensions of
Tourism
All tourism activities are related
to one or more of the following dimensions of tourism.
Attractions: Are the primary motivation for traveling.
They may be a primary destination such as Disney World or secondary
destination which are interesting places to visit on the way to your
primary destination. Most tourist traveling from the east to go to Las Vegas
will stopover at the Grand Canyon national Park on the way. Attractions usually
focus on natural resources, culture, ethnicity or entertainment.
Natural Resources: Natural resources are the
combination of physical features (Yosemite National Park, California), the
climate (Vail, Colorado), and the natural beauty of the area (Acadia National
Park, Maine). The challenge to managing natural resources based tourism is to
preserve the natural resource from the impact of the tourist's.
Culture: A way of life which is observed
through a peoples religion, history, government and traditions.
Ethnicity: To visit family and friends.
Entertainment: Tourism developments of all
sizes from Disney World, Universal Studios, Las Vegas to local community
Special Events and Festivals such as the Bloomsday Road Race in Spokane,
Washington.
X-treme Tourism: Tourism based on high
adventure activities
Facilities: When tourists arrive at attractions they
require facilities to provide services.
v Lodging:
Represent a variety of services from campgrounds, RV parks, motels and five
star resorts.
v Food &
Beverage: Not only provide basic sustenance for tourists but an important
factor in the overall tourism experience.
v Support
Services: Usually are represented by small retail businesses providing
souvenirs and personal services. Shopping is an integral part of the travel
experience. Tourists seek unique and novel items which represent the area and
cultures they visit.
v Infrastructure:
The basic services on which all tourism depends. These systems include water
and sewer systems, communication networks, medical facilities, electricity,
police and fire protection and roads.
Transportation
v Time and Money:
This is the critical component to tourism, the ability to get from Point A to
Point B and back, or to Point C, D, E.... The variables of Time, how long it
takes to get to a specific destination, and Money, how much it costs to get to
your destination. Tourism developments are dependent on the ease of access and
types of transportation available.
Hospitality
v Hospitality:
The community's attitude which permeates every tourism location that makes the
tourist feel welcome and safe. It is the result of the interaction between the
tourist and the local population.
Essential
Requirements for Tourism
- Time, as
the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes
in work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people
can travel. The overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation
to 6-8 three or four day mini-vacations per year.
- Money, the
majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary
income is money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and
taxes) have been paid.
- Mobility,
is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the
hours required to get to their destination.
- Motivation,
is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty,
education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.
7.
World
Tourism rankings
|
Rank
|
Country
|
UNWTO
Regional Market |
Change
2009 to 2010 |
||
|
1
|
Europe
|
76.8 million
|
76.8 million
|
+0.0%
|
|
|
2
|
North America
|
59.7 million
|
55.0 million
|
+8.7%
|
|
|
3
|
Asia
|
55.7 million
|
50.9 million
|
+9.4%
|
|
|
4
|
Europe
|
52.7 million
|
52.2 million
|
+1.0%
|
|
|
5
|
Europe
|
43.6 million
|
43.2 million
|
+0.9%
|
|
|
6
|
Europe
|
28.1 million
|
28.2 million
|
-0.2%
|
|
|
7
|
Europe
|
27.0 million
|
25.5 million
|
+5.9%
|
|
|
8
|
Europe
|
26.9 million
|
24.2 million
|
+10.9%
|
|
|
9
|
Asia
|
24.6 million
|
23.6 million
|
+3.9%
|
|
|
10
|
North America
|
22.4 million
|
21.5 million
|
+4.4%
|
|
8. International tourism receipts
|
Rank
|
Country
|
UNWTO
Regional Market |
|
|
1
|
North America
|
$103.5 billion
|
|
|
2
|
Europe
|
$52.5 billion
|
|
|
3
|
Europe
|
$46.3 billion
|
|
|
4
|
Asia
|
$45.8 billion
|
|
|
5
|
Europe
|
$38.8 billion
|
|
|
6
|
Europe
|
$34.7 billion
|
|
|
7
|
Europe
|
$30.4 billion
|
|
|
8
|
Oceania
|
$30.1 billion
|
|
|
9
|
Asia
|
$23.0 billion
|
|
|
10
|
Europe
|
$20.8 billion
|
9.
International tourism expenditures
|
Rank
|
Country
|
UNWTO
Regional Market |
|
|
1
|
Europe
|
$77.7 billion
|
|
|
2
|
North America
|
$75.5 billion
|
|
|
3
|
Asia
|
$54.9 billion
|
|
|
4
|
Europe
|
$48.6 billion
|
|
|
5
|
Europe
|
$39.4 billion
|
|
|
6
|
North America
|
$29.5 billion
|
|
|
7
|
Asia
|
$27.9 billion
|
|
|
8
|
Europe
|
$27.1 billion
|
|
|
9
|
Europe
|
$26.5 billion
|
|
|
10
|
Oceania
|
$22.5 billion
|
10.
Most visited cities by international tourist arrivals
|
Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international
visitors by selected year
|
|||||||||||
|
City
|
Country
|
International
visitors (millions) |
Year/Notes
|
||||||||
|
15.1
|
|||||||||||
|
14.6
|
|||||||||||
|
9.7
|
|||||||||||
|
9.2
|
|||||||||||
|
9.2
|
|||||||||||
|
8.9
|
|||||||||||
|
8.4
|
|||||||||||
|
8.3
|
|||||||||||
|
7.2
|
|||||||||||
|
6.9
|
|||||||||||
11. Kinds of tourism
·
Sustainable
Tourism
"Sustainable
tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way
that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining
cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and
life support systems." (World Tourism Organization)
Sustainable
development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World
Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
Sustainable
tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying
capacities and includes involving the community of the destination in tourism
development planning. It also involves integrating tourism to match current
economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative economic
and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an
'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing
the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the
'boosterish' and 'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of which
considers the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism
development to a destination.
However,
Butler questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of
tourism, citing its ambiguity and stating that "the emerging sustainable
development philosophy of the 1990s can be viewed as an extension of the
broader realization that a preoccupation with economic growth without regard to
it social and environmental consequences is self-defeating in the long
term." Thus 'sustainable tourism development' is seldom considered as an
autonomous function of economic regeneration as separate from general economic
growth.
· Ecotourism
Ecotourism,
also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine,
and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small
scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly
benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local
communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights
· Pro-poor tourism
Pro-poor
tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has
been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue
has been addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and
through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists.
Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the
best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less
(far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money
reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in Tanzania and cultural tourism in
Luang Prabang, Laos
· Recession tourism
Recession
tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis.
Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is
defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular
generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom
during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow
world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money
travels further.
·
Medical
tourism
When
there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical
procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where
there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical
procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of the price or
regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
·
Educational
tourism
Educational
tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning
of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom
environment. In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure
activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as
in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills
learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the
International Practicum Training Program.
·
Creative
tourism
Creative
tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings
of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour,
which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly
interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been
given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, who as members of the
Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number
of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism,
known as sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as
tourism related to the active participation of travelers in the culture of the
host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning
experiences.
Meanwhile,
the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile
organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have
endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an
active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place.
More
recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism,
drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host
communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of
tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain,
Italy and New Zealand.
·
Dark tourism
One
emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)
as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to
"dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or
acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a
small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning,
remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early
origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.
·
Doom tourism
Also
known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this
emerging trend involves traveling to places that are environmentally or
otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount Kilimanjaro, the melting glaciers
of Patagonia, The coral of the Great Barrier Reef) before it is too late.
Identified by travel trade magazine Travel Age West editor-in-chief Kenneth
Shapiro in 2007 and later explored in The New York Times, this type of tourism
is believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable
tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a number of these tourist
destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global
warming, over population or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of
these threatened locations increases an individual’s carbon footprint and only
hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.
·
Growth
The
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will
continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 %. With the advent of
e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the
internet. Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries,
although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services
directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and
traditional shops.
It
has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure
per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context. Not
only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism
industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which
global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their
local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as
an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the
future.
Space
tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st
century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists
in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a space elevator make space
travel cheap.
Technological
improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on
solar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles. Underwater hotels, such
as Hydro polis, expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean,
tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating
cities.
·
Sports
tourism
Since
the late 1980s, sports tourism has become increasingly popular. Events such as
rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian Games and football World Cups have
enabled specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then
sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions.
Arranged
by: DEWI SRI WULAN VII A TBI
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